Mutsetse wePC une mhango wekuwedzera pepa

Tsvagiridzo uye kuongororwa kwemusika kwenzira dzepolymerisation dzepolycarbonate PC

PC isina chinhusheet extrusion linePolycarbonate (PC) ipolymer ine mapoka e carbonate mucheni yemamorekuru, fomura yechimiro chemamorekuru inoratidzwa mufomura.

PC ipolymer isina ruvara, yakaita segirazi, isina chimiro ine hunhu hwakanaka hwekuona, inodzivirira kupisa, inodzivirira kukuvadzwa, inodzivirira maasidhi asina simba uye alkalis uye mafuta asina kusimba. PC ine huremu hwakawanda hwemamorekuru, asi haipindi zvakanyanya kuhydrolysis, inonzwa kupwanyika, haipindi zvakanyanya kukwenywa, inopinda nyore nyore mu organic solvents, inoshanduka kuita yero kana ikasangana nechiedza che ultraviolet kwenguva refu uye haigone kushandiswa kune zvigadzirwa zvinogara zvichipinzwa utsi hwemhepo.

PC inogona kukamurwa kuita mhando dze aliphatic, aromatic, aliphatic-aromatic nedzimwe mhando zvichienderana nechimiro cheboka re ester, pakati padzo PC ye aliphatic ne aliphatic-aromatic ine hunhu hwakaderera hwemakanika, zvichideredza kushandiswa kwayo mumapurasitiki einjiniya; PC ye aromatic chete ndiyo yakagadzirwa mumaindasitiri kusvika pari zvino. Nekuda kwehunhu hwayo, PC yave imwe yemapurasitiki einjiniya ari kukura nekukurumidza ane mashandiro akanaka kwazvo uye inoshandiswa zvakanyanya muminda yemagetsi nemidziyo yemagetsi, magaba epurasitiki, indasitiri yemotokari, zvishandiso zvekurapa nemidziyo yekudzivirira, uye iri kukurumidza kuwedzera munzvimbo itsva dzakadai sendege nendege, zvikamu zve optical uye ruzivo rwe optoelectronic.

Maitiro ekugadzira PC

Parizvino, kune nzira nhatu dzekugadzira dzePC, dzinoti photogas interface polycondensation (inozivikanwawo se photogas method), molten ester exchange polycondensation uye non-photogas molten ester exchange polycondensation.

1. Kufuridzirwa kwemvura pakati peganda nePhotogas

Kutanga, CO inowanikwa nekucheneswa kwemafuta emuchadenga kana kuti alkanes dzine kabhoni shoma, ukuwo NaCl yemvura ichishandiswa electrolys kuti iwane Cl2 neNaOH. CO inobuda inosanganiswa neCl2 kuti igadzire phosgene, iyo inozopinda mu interfacial condensation neBPA mu CH2Cl2 solution kuti igadzire PC.

Pamusoro pezvo, NaOH inogadzirwa ne electrolysis inoshanda sechinhu chinobatsira mukuita reaction. Mushonga wePC unowanikwa unotanga wacheneswa nekugezwa nemvura yakawanda, wobva wawedzera hexane kana toluene wozodiridza kuti ubvise solvents dzakadai seCH2Cl2 kuti uwane PC pellets. PC yakaomeswa inoiswa granulated uchishandisa melt granulator. Reaction inoitwa pa atmospheric pressure uye zvinhu zvakaparadzaniswa mushure me polycondensation reaction, mother liquor kubva ku centrifugation, dichloromethane uye hydrochloric acid zvinodzokororwa.

Maitiro acho akura, mhando yechigadzirwa yakakwira, hapana zvinodiwa zvakakosha kuti zvinhu zvakagadziriswa zvive zvakanaka, michina yekuita reaction iri nyore uye inogona kuitwa mumamiriro ekupisa kwakaderera uye kumanikidzwa kwakaderera, asi ma chloride ions asara ari mugadziriro yacho anokanganisa mhando yechigadzirwa. Pamusoro pezvo, zvinhu zvakagadziriswa iphosgene ine chepfu yakawanda, iyo ine njodzi, nepo huwandu hwegasi rakasviba nemvura yakasviba inogadzirwa hwakawanda.

Mapurasitiki eGE (General Electric), Bayer neMitsubishi Chemical zvinosanganisa kupwa kwemvura nekunaya kwemvura mushure mekurapwa kuti zvibvise tsvina inonyunguduka nerubatsiro rwezvinonyungudutsa uye zvinoderedza kupisa kwemvura uye kuvandudza kuchenesa kwayo.

2. Kunyungudutsa Ester Kuchinjana kwePolycondensation
Kuchinjana kweEster neMelt Ester Polycondensation kunobva paphenol sezvinhu zvakabikwa, DPC inotanga yagadzirwa ne interfacial photogasification reaction, yozobva yagadzirwa ne catalysts (dzakadai se lithium halide, lithium hydroxide, lithium aluminium halide uye boron hydroxide, nezvimwewo) uye zvinowedzera, wozowana oligomer ne ester exchange reaction ne bisphenol A, uye wozowana polycondensation kuti uwane zvigadzirwa zvePC, maitiro e reaction anoratidzwa mu equation (3).

Maitiro acho anodhura zvishoma pane photogas interfacial polycondensation uye ari nyore uye anogadzira mvura shoma negasi. Zvisinei, maitiro aya achiri kuda kushandiswa kwephosgene ine chepfu yakawanda mukugadzira DPC yezvinhu zvisina kugadzirwa, uye tsvina ine Cl inogona kudzima alkaline catalyst kuburikidza ne neutralization reactions, zvichideredza kushanda kwePC ukuwo zvichiita kuti zvinhu zviite yero.

3. Nzira yekuchinjana polycondensation ye non-phosgene melt ester
Muna 1978, GE Plastics yakatanga kuburitsa patent ye oxidative carbonylation ye phenol ine CO neO2 ichishandisa Pd sechinhu chinobatsira kugadzira DPC, iyo yakazotsinhaniswa neBPA muchimiro chakanyungudutswa kuti iumbe PC, sezvakaratidzwa mu equation (4).

Maitiro ekugadzira methanol ine CO2 neO2 kuti igadzire dimethyl carbonate (DMC) akatanga kuziviswa naRomano et al. muna 1980. DMC yakazoita ester exchange reaction nephenol kuti igadzire toluene carbonate (MPC), MPC isina kuenzana kuti igadzire DPC, uye DPC yakazoita ester exchange polycondensation reaction nebisphenol A mumamiriro akanyungudutswa kuti igadzire zvigadzirwa zvePC, sezvakaratidzwa mufomula (5).

Muna 1993, GE Plastics yakatungamira mukugadzirwa kwePC mumaindasitiri nenzira isiri phosgene ichishandisa biaxial reactor ine simba re25,000t/a ichishandisa CO sezvinhu zvisina kugadzirwa.

CO2 chinhu chisina chepfu, hachibati, chinogona kudzokororwa, uye basa rayo rakaderera kana tichienzanisa neCO2, asi inogonawo kushandiswa se copolymer monomer kugadzira PC. Ningbo zhejiang iron dafeng chemical co., ltd. muChina yakagadzira yakazvimirira nzira yekugadzirwa kwePC isina phosgene ichishandisa CO2 ne propylene oxide sezvinhu zvakagadziriswa, uye kugona kwekugadzirwa kwegore negore i100,000 t. Asahi Kasei muJapan akagadzirawo nzira yekugadzira PC nenzira isina phosgene ichishandisa CO2, sezvakaratidzwa muMufananidzo 2. Izvi zvinoratidzwa muMufananidzo 2.
Maitiro aya anoitwa munzvimbo isina mvura (kunze kwemvura inotonhorera) pasina kushandisa chero zvinhu zvinokuvadza. Zvinobva muzvinhu izvi methanol nephenol zvinogona kudzokororwa uye maitiro ekuita izvi anoburitsa zvigadzirwa zviviri zvePC yepamusoro uye MEG yakachena pasina marara kana kubuda kwetsvina.
Maitiro aya haashandisi zvinhu zvine chepfu, ane mwero wepamusoro wekushandiswa kwemaatomu uye haana kusvibiswa. Zvinhu zvakasara zvinogona kudzokororwa panguva yekugadzira, izvo zvinodzora zvinobudirira mari yekugadzira.

Musika wePC uye tarisiro yekuvandudza

Mumakore achangopfuura, nekukura kwehupfumi nekukurumidza uye kuwedzera kwezvishandiso zvitsva, PC yave imwe yemapurasitiki einjiniya ari kukura nekukurumidza, vagadziri vakuru vari muUnited States, Western Europe neJapan, uko Bayer, GE Plastics, Dow Chemical naTeijin vanodzora kugadzirwa kwePC pasi rose nemusika.

Muna 2020, dunhu reAsia-Pacific richange richipa 72.6% yezvinodiwa zvemakombiyuta pasi rose, uye China yave mugadziri wemakombiyuta akawanda pasi rose uye mutengi. Nekutsigirwa kwakasimba kwemitemo yenyika, uye kuunzwa kwetekinoroji yemakombiyuta muchimiro chekubatana uye kufambira mberi kwehunyanzvi hwekugadzira zvinhu hwakazvigadzira hwepamba, mapurojekiti makuru ekugadzira maPC akaiswa mariri, zvichiwedzera zvakanyanya kugona kwekugadzira maPC epamba, zvekuti indasitiri iyi yakaunza mikana mitsva yekuvandudza.

Zvipingamupinyi zvehunyanzvi pakugadzirwa kwemakombiyuta zvakanyanya, uye China yakatanga kunonoka. Gore ra2015 risati rasvika, mafekitori ese ekugadzira maPC emuno akavakwa nemakambani akabatana kana kuti nekutanga kwetekinoroji, uye kugona kwekugadzira kwacho kwakanyanya. Kubva ipapo, mabhizinesi akadai seWanhua Chemical neSichuan Zhonglan Guohua New Material akagadzira matekinoroji akasiyana-siyana ekugadzira maPC ane kodzero dzepfungwa dzakazvimirira, izvo zvakagonesa indasitiri yePC yeChina kukura nekukura.

Parizvino, kugona kwekugadzira zvinhu zvitsva pasi rose kuri kunyanya kuChina. 2019 kugona kwekugadzira zvinhu zvePC muChina kuri 1.66 miriyoni tani, kuwedzera kwe31.74% gore negore, nekushandisa simba re58%. 2020 kugona kwekugadzira zvinhu zvePC muChina kuri kuwedzera kusvika pa2.44 miriyoni tani uye kugadzirwa kuri kuwedzera kusvika pa1.185 miriyoni tani.

PC yave iri muindasitiri yenyika yetekinoroji yepamusoro, maindasitiri makuru ari kubuda muhurongwa uye nzvimbo gumi dzakakosha dzakatsanangurwa mu "Made in China 2025". Vachikurudzirwa nehurongwa hwenyika uye mari yakawanda mukugadzira zvinhu zvemuno, musika wePC wemuno wemangwana ucharatidza mamiriro ezvinhu apo kuwanikwa kwezvinhu kunopfuura kudiwa, nefungidziro yekuchengetedzwa kwe2.41 miriyoni t/a yesimba rekugadzira zvinhu zvePC richaburitswa muChina panosvika 2023, panguva iyo simba rese rekugadzira zvinhu zvePC muChina richange rava pedyo ne3.6 miriyoni t/a.

Zvichienzaniswa nekukwanisa kwekugadzira maPC kuri kukura nekukurumidza, kudiwa kuri kudzikira hakuna kuburitswa panguva imwe chete. Kazhinji, kukura kwekushandiswa kwemaPC kuri kunonoka uye indasitiri yapinda munguva yekukura kushoma. MaPC akajairwa haana simba rekudzivirira kukanganiswa uye haakwanise kushandiswa muminda yakawanda, asi zvipingamupinyi zvehunyanzvi pakugadzirwa kwezvigadzirwa zvepamusoro zvakanyanya. Nepo vachiwedzera kugadzirwa nekukurumidza, mabhizinesi emuno anofanira kusimbisa mhando yezvigadzirwa zvavo uye kuchinja dambudziko rezvigadzirwa zvepasi zvakanyanya uye kushomeka kwezvigadzirwa zvepamusoro kuitira kuti akure uye akure mumakwikwi emusika akasimba.

Pakati pezvinhu zvitatu zvikuru zvekugadzira PC, nzira isiri phosgene haisvibisi nharaunda, haina zvimwe zvigadzirwa, haina mari yakawanda, inoshanda zvakanaka uye ine mhando yepamusoro yezvigadzirwa zvinobva, izvo zvichave nzira yekuvandudza PC mune ramangwana. Parizvino, mutengo wekugadzira DPC ine purity yakawanda unogona kuderedzwa nekugadzira ma catalysts anoshanda, uye pamusoro pezvo, ma reactors anoshanda zvakanyanya anogona kugadzirwa kuti akwanise kugadzirwa kwePC prepolymers dzine viscosity yakanyanya kunyunguduka.

Kunyangwe kugona kwekugadzira nekushandiswa kwePC muChina kuri kuwedzera, zvigadzirwa izvi zvinowanzova zvinhu zvepakutanga, zvinonyanya kushandiswa mukupakata, mafirimu nemapepa, nezvimwewo, zvine mashandisirwo akamanikana uye purofiti shoma. Zvigadzirwa zvepamusoro-soro zvinoshandiswa mumotokari, midziyo yemumba, zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi nedzimwe nzvimbo zvichiri kutsamira pakubatana kana mabhizinesi ekunze. Nekuburitswa kwakawedzerwa kwesimba rekugadzira, kuwanikwa uye kudiwa kuri kusvika zvishoma nezvishoma pakuenzana, makwikwi muindasitiri yePC ari kuwedzera uye makambani ari kutarisana nematambudziko makuru. Bvisa matekinoroji asina hushamwari kune nharaunda, deredza mutengo wekugadzira zvinhu zvePC, dzora nekuvandudza mashandiro ezvigadzirwa, gadzira zvigadzirwa zvinoshanda zvakanyanya, deredza kushandiswa kwesimba kwemidziyo, vandudza kukwikwidza kwemidziyo, uye wedzera simba rekutsvagisa nekusimudzira tekinoroji yemuno ndiyo nzira yeramangwana yekusimudzira indasitiri yePC.